学校与第二十一世纪劳动力市场：结构变迁的看法

把教育引导到基于证据（evidence based）上的研究是教育工作者的基本素养和品德。如何让教育与劳动力市场匹配是世界各国都遇到的大问题，这也是英国和美国都在初中阶段（13岁）就要求学校开始对学生做职业教育和指导的原因。本文是英国专家的研究成果，指出英国的青年人劳动力市场的复杂、竞争和变化三个结构性的变化，并提出了学校在教育和指导方面，为学生提供相关克服困难的解决方案。

——张铁光教授、剑桥大学博士

上海金苹果学校国际部名誉校长

剑桥国际课程发展中心主席

Schools and the twenty-first century labour market: perspectives on structural change

学校与第二十一世纪劳动力市场：结构变迁的看法

19 December 2016  （2016年12月19日）

By Dr Anthony Mann (Director of Policy and Research, Education and Employers) and Prue Huddleston(Professor Emeritus, University of Warwick).

 作者：Anthony Mann 博士（政策研究、教育和雇主主任）及Prue Huddleston（华威大学名誉教授）。

In the British Journal of Guidance & Counselling

This study investigates the UK youth labour market, looking at how changes within it have (negatively) affected the economic prospects of young Britons. Considered collectively, no generation has entered the world of work with more years of schooling, higher levels of qualification or greater human capital to their names, however mounting evidence shows them struggling to compete for economic opportunities.

本研究探讨英国的青年劳动力市场，看看它的变化会如何（负面）地影响英国年轻人的经济前景。总的来说，没有一代人向他们那样进入职场时具有更多的学历、更高层次的资格或更大的人力资本，但越来越多的证据表明，他们挣扎着去争夺经济的机会。

To understand and unravel these structural changes, this study draws upon semi-structured interviews with eight policy commentators exceptionally well placed to offer insight into the character and consequences of the changing youth labour market. The perspectives from commentators who include Hugh Lauder, Andreas Schleicher, Kay Carberry, Chris Husbands, Ewart Keep and Lorna Unwin were tested with recruiters operating at the front line of the youth labour market. With both groups, a broad question was investigated: how can schools and colleges best respond to changes in the labour market which have worked to the detriment of young people?

为了理解和解开这些结构的变化，本研究采用与八位资深的政策评论员的半结构化面试，提供对青年劳动力市场变化性质和后果的洞悉。评论家包括Hugh Lauder、Andreas Schleicher、Kay Carberry，Chris的丈夫、Ewart Keep和Lorna Unwin，把这些评论家的观点与招聘人员在青年劳动力市场一线的操作做了测试。以这两个群体的观点对一个广泛的问题进行了研究：学校和学院如何应对已经对青年人造成伤害的劳动力市场的变化？

Interviewees identified a new of long term structural changes in the operation of the labour market which had worked against the interests of young people: technological change, globalisation, deregulation, inequality.  From this analysis, three fundamental changes were identified each with implications for schools and colleges:

受访者发现了一个对年轻人不利的新的劳动市场运作的长期的结构性变化：技术变革、全球化、放松管制、不平等。从这一分析中，确定了三个对学校和学院有启示的基本变化：

(1)   Complexity: The increasing complexity of the labour market has required greater levels of more authentic careers provision.

复杂性：劳动力市场日益复杂，需要更真实职业和更高水平的要求。

(2)   Competition: School to work transitions have become more fractured with young people demanding that they leave education with greater levels of recruitment skills and resilience to compete for employment.

竞争：学校与工作之间的过渡变得更加混乱，要求年轻人在离开教育时具有更高层次的招聘技能和韧性以争取就业。

(3)   Change: A rapidly growing number of jobs demand not just knowledge itself, but its effective application in new situations, drawing on skills commonly delivered by schools as enterprise education.

变化：越来越多的就业岗位不仅需要知识本身，还有它们在新形势下的有效应用，借鉴了学校作为企业教育的常用技能。

The study notes that the current generation of pupils face a significantly greater challenge in making informed investment decisions about the quality and quantity of education and training they pursue in light of an increasingly complex and opaque labour market. Upon leaving education, they face greater expectations from employers that they are job ready and greater competition for work from older workers.

研究指出，鉴于日益复杂和不透明的劳动力市场，目前的学生在教育和培训的质量和数量方面做出明智决策时，要面临着更大的挑战。离开教育后，他们面临着来自雇主的比老工人在工作准备和竞争方面的更大期望。

Once in employment, growing numbers of employers have a changed sense of what they most desire from the workforce: the new economy places much greater value on the ability of workers to be personally effective in applying their knowledge and skills in new situations. There are clear implications, summarised in the table below from each of these three structural changes in labour market operation for schools and colleges. Specifically, the analysis provides new insight into strategic approaches to educational provision designed to mitigate structural forces placing young people at disadvantage within the labour market. It encourages schools to structure provision offered to young people within a framework aimed at resolving specific and clear barriers to effective school to work transitions.

一旦就业，越来越多的雇主对员工最渴望的东西有了一种改变：新经济把更大的价值放在了工人在新形势下运用知识和技能的能力。这有明确的含义，对学校和学院有劳动力市场运作的三个结构性变化，每个总结如下表。具体来说，分析为教育规则的战略方法提供了新的洞察力，旨在减轻劳动力市场中处于不利地位年轻人的结构性力量。它鼓励学校给年轻人提供结构性供给框架，旨在克服从学校到工作有效转中具体而明确的障碍。

Figure 1.  Implications of labour market change for young people and schools/colleges.

图1：劳动力市场变化对年轻人和学校/学院的影响。

The article is available on the website of the British Journal of Guidance and Counselling.  The work draws on interviews with policy commentators and focus groups with recruiters previously published by Education and Employers Research.

这篇文章可在英国指导与辅导杂志（British Journal of Guidance and Counselling）的网站上获得。这项工作借鉴了《教育和雇主研究》以前发布的政策评论员和招聘焦点小组的采访。